Do Mountains Have Their Own Weather Systems?

Have you ever noticed how the weather can change drastically as you climb higher up a mountain? It’s not just your imagination; mountains do indeed have their own unique weather systems. This may come as a surprise to some, but the fact is that mountains can influence the weather around them, creating microclimates that differ from the surrounding areas. From snowstorms to thunderstorms, the weather on mountains can be just as varied and unpredictable as it is in the valleys below. In this article, we’ll explore the fascinating world of mountain weather and discover why these natural wonders have their own distinct climate patterns. So, whether you’re a seasoned hiker or just curious about the world around you, buckle up and get ready to learn about the dynamic world of mountain weather.

The Influence of Mountains on Weather Patterns

How Mountains Affect Wind Flow

When wind flows over mountains, it encounters various obstacles and forces that change its direction and speed. This process is known as mountainous wind flow, and it can have a significant impact on the weather patterns in the surrounding areas.

Mountains can cause wind to rise, creating an upward flow of air. This upward flow can result in the formation of clouds and precipitation, which can affect the local climate. The shape and height of the mountains also play a role in determining the strength and direction of the wind flow.

One of the most notable effects of mountainous wind flow is the creation of mountain waves. These waves are formed when the wind encounters the mountain range and is forced to rise and descend. The rising air creates a low-pressure area, while the descending air creates a high-pressure area. These pressure differences can cause the wind to change direction and speed, resulting in strong wind gusts that can reach speeds of up to 100 miles per hour.

The presence of forests and vegetation on the mountains can also affect the wind flow. Trees and other plants can act as obstacles to the wind, causing it to slow down and change direction. This can result in the formation of local wind patterns, such as mountain breezes, that can affect the temperature and humidity in the surrounding areas.

Overall, the influence of mountains on wind flow can have a significant impact on the weather patterns in the surrounding areas. By understanding how mountains affect wind flow, we can better predict and prepare for extreme weather events, such as strong winds and heavy snowfall.

The Impact of Mountains on Precipitation

The influence of mountains on weather patterns is significant, and one of the most noticeable effects is their impact on precipitation. Mountains can create their own microclimates, which can result in increased or decreased precipitation compared to surrounding areas. This effect is known as the orographic effect.

The orographic effect occurs when winds blow up against a mountain range, causing the air to rise and cool. As the air cools, it can no longer hold all of the moisture it contains, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. This process is known as frontal precipitation, and it is the primary mechanism by which mountains can influence precipitation patterns.

In addition to frontal precipitation, mountains can also create other types of precipitation, such as convective precipitation. Convective precipitation occurs when warm air rises over a mountain range, cools, and then drops back down to the ground, releasing its moisture in the form of rain or snow.

Overall, the impact of mountains on precipitation can be significant, and it can have a significant effect on the local climate and ecosystem. In some cases, the presence of mountains can lead to increased precipitation, while in other cases, it can lead to decreased precipitation. Understanding the orographic effect and how it influences precipitation patterns is important for predicting and managing weather patterns in mountainous regions.

Mountain Weather Phenomena

The Creation of Orographic Lift

One of the most significant weather phenomena associated with mountains is orographic lift. This occurs when the wind blows over a mountain range and is forced to rise, resulting in the air being lifted and cooled. As the air cools, it can lead to the formation of clouds and precipitation, such as rain or snow. This process can result in heavy snowfall on the leeward side of a mountain range, which can have significant impacts on local ecosystems and communities.

The Formation of Mountain Waves

Another weather phenomenon associated with mountains is the formation of mountain waves. These waves are created when the wind blows over a mountain range and creates areas of low pressure and high pressure. The air then moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, creating waves that can travel for hundreds of miles. These waves can result in the formation of cloud streets, which are long lines of clouds that form perpendicular to the direction of the wind.

The Formation of Foehn Winds

Foehn winds are a specific type of wind that occurs in mountainous regions when the wind is forced to rise over a mountain range and then descends on the leeward side. This creates a pressure difference between the two sides of the mountain, resulting in a strong wind that can reach speeds of up to 100 miles per hour. These winds can have significant impacts on local ecosystems and communities, particularly in terms of agriculture and transportation.

Overall, mountains can significantly influence local weather patterns, resulting in a range of weather phenomena that can have significant impacts on ecosystems and communities. Understanding these weather phenomena is crucial for developing effective strategies for managing the impacts of climate change and supporting sustainable development in mountainous regions.

Mountain Leeward and Windward Sides

The leeward side of a mountain is the side that is sheltered from the wind, and it can create a unique microclimate that is distinct from the surrounding area. The windward side, on the other hand, is the side that faces the wind and experiences more precipitation due to the increased moisture in the air.

• Leeward Side:
  • The leeward side of a mountain is often drier and warmer than the windward side because it is protected from the wind.
  • This can create a unique ecosystem with different plant and animal species adapted to the drier conditions.
  • The leeward side can also experience extreme temperatures during summer months, with temperatures reaching up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Windward Side:
  • The windward side of a mountain is where the wind hits the mountain and causes precipitation.
  • This side of the mountain can experience heavy rainfall and fog, creating a humid and humid environment.
  • The increased precipitation on the windward side can also lead to landslides and erosion, as the soil becomes saturated with water.

Overall, the leeward and windward sides of a mountain can have a significant impact on the local weather patterns and create unique microclimates that support different ecosystems.

Mountain Weather Stations and Observations

The study of mountain weather systems is an important aspect of meteorology, as it helps to understand the impact of mountains on local and regional weather patterns. Mountain weather stations and observations play a crucial role in gathering data and analyzing the weather conditions in mountainous regions.

There are several weather stations located in mountainous regions around the world, which are equipped with advanced weather monitoring equipment. These weather stations measure various meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. The data collected by these weather stations is then analyzed by meteorologists to gain insights into the weather patterns in mountainous regions.

One of the unique features of mountain weather stations is that they are often located at high altitudes, which makes them more susceptible to extreme weather conditions. For example, a weather station located at the top of a mountain may experience stronger winds, heavier snowfall, and lower temperatures compared to a weather station located at a lower altitude.

Moreover, the terrain and topography of mountains can also influence the weather patterns in the surrounding areas. For instance, the presence of mountains can cause changes in wind direction and speed, leading to the formation of microclimates and local weather phenomena such as fog, clouds, and thunderstorms.

Overall, mountain weather stations and observations are essential for understanding the complex interactions between mountains and weather patterns. By analyzing the data collected from these weather stations, meteorologists can develop more accurate weather forecasts and better predict the impact of mountainous terrain on local and regional weather conditions.

Mountain Weather Hazards

Mountain weather hazards are the meteorological risks that arise due to the unique geographical features of mountains. These hazards can lead to severe weather conditions, such as heavy snowfall, strong winds, and avalanches, which can pose significant threats to human life and property. In this section, we will explore the different mountain weather hazards that can occur.

Avalanches

Avalanches are one of the most significant mountain weather hazards. They occur when snow and ice accumulate on a slope and then slide down, often resulting in disaster. Avalanches can occur in any mountainous region, but they are most common in regions with steep slopes and a heavy snowfall. They can cause extensive damage to property and infrastructure, as well as loss of human life.

Flash Floods

Mountains can also trigger flash floods, which occur when heavy rainfall causes rivers and streams to overflow their banks. This can result in a sudden and severe increase in water levels, leading to property damage and loss of life. Flash floods are most common in mountainous regions with steep slopes, as they can lead to a rapid buildup of water that is difficult to manage.

Landslides

Landslides are another hazard that can occur in mountainous regions. They occur when a large amount of soil and rock detaches from a slope and slides downhill. Landslides can be triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, or volcanic activity, and can cause extensive damage to property and infrastructure, as well as loss of human life.

Snowstorms

Snowstorms are another weather hazard that can occur in mountainous regions. They occur when a low-pressure system moves over a mountain range, resulting in heavy snowfall. Snowstorms can cause extensive damage to property and infrastructure, as well as disrupt transportation and communication networks.

In conclusion, mountains can have their own weather systems, which can pose significant hazards to human life and property. These hazards include avalanches, flash floods, landslides, and snowstorms, and can result in extensive damage to property and infrastructure, as well as loss of human life. It is essential to be aware of these hazards and take appropriate measures to mitigate their impact.

Avalanches and Landslides

The impact of mountains on weather patterns extends beyond the formation of clouds and precipitation. One notable example is the influence of mountains on avalanches and landslides.

Avalanches are rapid flows of snow and ice that can occur spontaneously or as a result of human intervention. They are typically triggered by seismic activity, changes in temperature or precipitation, or human activities such as skiing or snowmobiling. The steep terrain and unstable snowpack of mountainous regions make them particularly susceptible to avalanches.

Landslides, on the other hand, involve the movement of soil, rocks, and other debris down a slope. They can be triggered by a variety of factors, including heavy rainfall, earthquakes, or human activities such as deforestation or mining. As with avalanches, the steep terrain and unstable slopes of mountains make them particularly vulnerable to landslides.

Both avalanches and landslides can have significant impacts on weather patterns. For example, the release of a large amount of snow and ice during an avalanche can trigger a sudden increase in air temperature and a corresponding drop in humidity. Similarly, the movement of soil and rocks during a landslide can alter the local microclimate, affecting temperature, humidity, and wind patterns in the surrounding area.

In addition to their immediate impacts on weather patterns, avalanches and landslides can also have long-term effects on the local ecosystem. For example, the debris from a landslide can dam a river, leading to the formation of a lake and the creation of a new ecosystem. Similarly, the debris from an avalanche can create a new habitat for plants and animals, leading to the establishment of a new ecosystem.

Overall, the influence of mountains on weather patterns is complex and multifaceted. Avalanches and landslides are just two examples of the many ways in which mountains can affect local weather patterns and create new ecosystems.

Thunderstorms and Lightning

Thunderstorms and lightning are two weather phenomena that are influenced by mountains. These phenomena occur due to the upward movement of air and the formation of cumulonimbus clouds, which can produce heavy rain, hail, and strong winds. The mountains can affect the formation and intensity of thunderstorms and lightning in several ways.

Firstly, the mountains can act as a barrier to the movement of air masses, causing the air to rise and cool as it passes over the mountains. This cool air can then mix with warmer air from lower elevations, creating unstable conditions that can lead to the formation of thunderstorms.

Secondly, the mountains can also affect the intensity of thunderstorms. When thunderstorms form over mountains, the strong winds and turbulence created by the mountains can intensify the storms, making them more severe.

Finally, the presence of mountains can also influence the location and frequency of lightning strikes. Lightning is more likely to occur in areas where there is a strong temperature gradient, such as at the top of a mountain. Additionally, the presence of mountains can create a “wind tunnel” effect, which can concentrate the wind and increase the likelihood of lightning strikes.

Overall, the influence of mountains on thunderstorms and lightning can have significant impacts on the local weather patterns and can even affect the wider regional weather systems. Understanding the relationship between mountains and these weather phenomena is important for forecasting and predicting the weather in mountainous regions.

Understanding Mountain Weather Systems

The Role of Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature

When it comes to understanding mountain weather systems, it is important to consider the role that atmospheric pressure and temperature play. These two factors can significantly impact the weather patterns that occur in mountainous regions.

Atmospheric pressure is the force that is exerted by the atmosphere on the Earth’s surface. It is measured in millibars (mb) and is typically lower at higher altitudes. In mountainous regions, the decrease in atmospheric pressure can lead to a variety of weather patterns, including strong winds and storms.

Temperature is another important factor to consider when it comes to mountain weather systems. The temperature of the air can have a significant impact on the formation of clouds and precipitation. In mountainous regions, the temperature can vary significantly from one season to the next, which can lead to a range of different weather patterns.

One important thing to note is that the temperature and atmospheric pressure in mountainous regions can be influenced by a variety of factors, including the elevation, the slope of the terrain, and the presence of bodies of water. All of these factors can contribute to the unique weather patterns that are found in mountainous regions.

Overall, understanding the role of atmospheric pressure and temperature is crucial for understanding mountain weather systems. By considering these factors, we can gain a better understanding of the complex weather patterns that occur in mountainous regions and how they can impact the local ecosystem and human activities.

The Influence of Elevation on Weather

Elevation plays a significant role in shaping the weather patterns around mountains. As altitude increases, several factors come into play that influence the weather, including temperature, air pressure, wind direction, and humidity. In this section, we will explore how elevation affects these weather parameters and how they contribute to the unique weather systems found in mountainous regions.

• Temperature: One of the most apparent effects of elevation on weather is the decrease in temperature as altitude increases. This is due to the lapse rate, which is the rate at which the temperature drops with an increase in altitude. The average lapse rate is about 6.5 degrees Celsius per kilometer, although this can vary depending on several factors such as humidity, solar radiation, and the presence of clouds. At higher elevations, the temperature can drop below freezing, leading to the formation of ice and snow.
• Air Pressure: Air pressure decreases as altitude increases, which can have significant implications for weather patterns. The lower air pressure at higher elevations results in a lower atmospheric resistance, allowing for faster wind speeds. This can lead to stronger winds and more severe weather events, such as thunderstorms and tornadoes, in mountainous regions.
• Wind Direction: The direction of winds is also influenced by elevation. As air rises, it expands and cools, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. The wind direction in mountainous regions is often influenced by the prevailing winds at lower elevations, which are forced to rise and flow around the mountains, creating a phenomenon known as the “mountain breeze.” This can result in winds blowing from the valleys up towards the mountain peaks during the day and from the mountain peaks down towards the valleys at night.
• Humidity: Humidity is another weather parameter that is affected by elevation. As air rises, it cools and can no longer hold as much moisture, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. The increased precipitation in mountainous regions is a result of the higher humidity caused by the convergence of air masses at higher elevations. This can lead to heavy rainfall, snowfall, and other forms of precipitation that are characteristic of mountain weather systems.

In conclusion, the influence of elevation on weather is a complex interplay of various factors that contribute to the unique weather systems found in mountainous regions. Understanding these factors is crucial for predicting and mitigating the impacts of extreme weather events and for managing natural resources in mountain ecosystems.

Mountain Weather Forecasting and Prediction

When it comes to understanding mountain weather systems, one of the key areas of focus is on forecasting and prediction. This involves the use of a variety of tools and techniques to help meteorologists and other experts understand how weather patterns will behave in mountainous regions.

There are a number of factors that can influence the weather in mountains, including the shape and height of the mountains themselves, as well as the climate and geography of the surrounding areas. For example, mountains can create their own microclimates, which can affect the weather patterns that are present in the region.

One of the key tools that meteorologists use to forecast mountain weather is numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. These models use complex algorithms to simulate the behavior of the atmosphere, taking into account a wide range of factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and more. By analyzing the output of these models, meteorologists can gain a better understanding of how weather patterns will behave in mountainous regions.

Another important tool for forecasting mountain weather is radar. Radar systems can be used to track the movement of weather systems in real-time, providing valuable data on factors such as wind speed, precipitation, and more. This data can then be used to refine weather forecasts and predictions, helping to ensure that people living in mountainous regions are better prepared for the weather conditions that are likely to be present.

In addition to these tools, meteorologists also rely on a wide range of other techniques and data sources to help them understand and predict mountain weather. This can include the use of satellite imagery, ground-based weather stations, and even historical weather data. By analyzing all of these different sources of information, meteorologists can gain a more complete picture of the weather patterns that are present in mountainous regions, and use this information to make more accurate forecasts and predictions.

Overall, mountain weather forecasting and prediction is a complex and multifaceted field that requires a wide range of tools and techniques. By using a combination of numerical weather prediction models, radar systems, satellite imagery, and other data sources, meteorologists can gain a better understanding of how weather patterns behave in mountainous regions, and use this information to help people prepare for the conditions that are likely to be present.

Mountain Weather and Climate Change

The Impact of Climate Change on Mountain Weather

As climate change continues to affect the planet, mountain weather patterns are also being impacted. These changes can have significant consequences for both the environment and human populations that rely on these ecosystems.

• Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events
  One of the most noticeable impacts of climate change on mountain weather is the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. This includes more frequent heatwaves, droughts, and heavy rainfall. These events can have devastating effects on ecosystems, leading to wildfires, landslides, and flooding.
• Changes in precipitation patterns
  Another significant impact of climate change on mountain weather is changes in precipitation patterns. As temperatures rise, mountain regions are experiencing more frequent and severe droughts, which can lead to water scarcity and decreased snowpack. This, in turn, can affect water availability for human populations and ecosystems, which often rely on melting snow for their water needs.
• Altered snowpack and glacier melt
  Climate change is also altering the timing and amount of snowpack and glacier melt. This can have significant consequences for ecosystems and human populations that rely on the water from melting snow and glaciers. Changes in the timing of snowmelt can also affect agricultural practices and hydropower generation.
• Increased risk of avalanches and other geohazards
  As temperatures rise, mountain regions are experiencing more frequent and severe avalanches and other geohazards. This is due to the increased frequency of extreme weather events, as well as changes in snowpack and glacier melt. These events can have significant consequences for human populations, particularly those that rely on mountain ecosystems for recreation or transportation.

Overall, the impact of climate change on mountain weather is complex and multifaceted. As temperatures continue to rise, it is essential to monitor and understand these changes to mitigate their effects on both the environment and human populations.

Adapting to Changing Mountain Weather Conditions

As the Earth’s climate continues to change, the weather patterns in mountainous regions are also expected to shift. These changes can have significant impacts on the people and ecosystems that depend on these areas. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how to adapt to changing mountain weather conditions.

One of the key challenges of adapting to changing mountain weather conditions is the need to balance the needs of different stakeholders. For example, the needs of mountain communities, which may be focused on agriculture or tourism, may differ from the needs of conservationists, who may be focused on protecting wildlife and ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential to involve all stakeholders in the planning and implementation of adaptation strategies.

Another important consideration is the need to balance short-term and long-term needs. In some cases, short-term solutions may be necessary to address immediate needs, such as providing emergency relief to communities affected by extreme weather events. However, it is also important to develop long-term strategies that address the root causes of the changes in mountain weather patterns, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the resilience of communities and ecosystems.

In addition to these considerations, it is also important to develop strategies that are tailored to the specific needs of different mountain regions. This may involve conducting detailed studies of local weather patterns and the impacts of climate change on local ecosystems and communities. It may also involve developing partnerships with local organizations and communities to identify and implement adaptation strategies that are appropriate for the local context.

Overall, adapting to changing mountain weather conditions requires a collaborative and integrated approach that involves all stakeholders and takes into account the unique needs and characteristics of different mountain regions. By developing and implementing effective adaptation strategies, it is possible to reduce the impacts of climate change on mountain communities and ecosystems and ensure a more sustainable future for these areas.

The Future of Mountain Weather Research

Advances in Mountain Weather Observations

As the understanding of mountain weather systems progresses, so too does the technology used to study them. Advances in mountain weather observations are allowing scientists to collect more detailed and accurate data than ever before. Here are some of the key developments:

Remote Sensing Technologies

One of the most significant advances in mountain weather observations is the use of remote sensing technologies. These include satellite imagery, radar, and lidar (light detection and ranging). By using these technologies, scientists can gather data on a variety of weather phenomena, including precipitation, wind, and temperature, over large areas and at high altitudes. This data can then be used to create more accurate models of mountain weather systems.

Automated Weather Stations

Another development in mountain weather observations is the use of automated weather stations. These stations are equipped with sensors that measure a range of weather parameters, including temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. They are often placed in remote locations, making them ideal for studying mountain weather systems. By automating the data collection process, scientists can gather more data with less effort and expense than ever before.

Citizen Science

Finally, the rise of citizen science has enabled ordinary people to contribute to mountain weather research. Apps like the Mountain Weather Observatory Network (MWON) allow people to report weather conditions from their own mountain summits. This data can then be combined with data from other sources to create a more comprehensive picture of mountain weather systems.

Overall, these advances in mountain weather observations are enabling scientists to gather more detailed and accurate data than ever before. As our understanding of mountain weather systems improves, we can better predict and prepare for the impacts of extreme weather events, such as avalanches and landslides.

Improving Mountain Weather Forecasting

Advances in Technology

• The use of advanced technology, such as remote sensing and numerical weather prediction models, has greatly improved the accuracy of mountain weather forecasting.
• These technologies allow for more detailed and accurate analysis of mountain weather patterns, including the impact of topography on wind and precipitation.
• The integration of data from multiple sources, such as satellite imagery and weather stations, has also enhanced the ability to forecast mountain weather.

Collaboration and Data Sharing

• Collaboration between researchers, government agencies, and private organizations has led to the development of more comprehensive mountain weather databases and the sharing of data and resources.
• This collaboration has enabled the identification of key research gaps and the development of strategies to address them.
• Data sharing has also facilitated the creation of more accurate and reliable mountain weather forecasting models.

Increased Funding and Support

• Increased funding for mountain weather research has allowed for the development of new technologies and the expansion of research efforts.
• This has led to a better understanding of the complex interactions between topography, climate, and weather in mountain regions.
• Ongoing support for mountain weather research will continue to improve forecasting accuracy and aid in the development of effective adaptation and mitigation strategies for mountain regions.

The Importance of Studying Mountain Weather Systems

Researching mountain weather systems is crucial for several reasons. Understanding these systems can help improve forecasting models and climate change predictions. Moreover, it can provide insights into the interactions between the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface, as well as the impact of human activities on mountain weather.

Here are some key reasons why studying mountain weather systems is essential:

1. Improving forecasting models: Accurate weather forecasting is crucial for various sectors, including agriculture, transportation, and recreation. By studying mountain weather systems, researchers can refine forecasting models and provide more accurate predictions, especially for regions with complex topography.
2. Climate change mitigation: Mountains play a critical role in the global climate system. They influence atmospheric circulation, hydrological cycles, and energy balances. Studying mountain weather systems can help scientists understand how climate change impacts these processes and develop strategies to mitigate its effects.
3. Understanding atmospheric processes: Mountains are often subject to extreme weather events, such as heavy precipitation, strong winds, and avalanches. Studying the meteorological factors that contribute to these events can help researchers better understand atmospheric processes and improve safety measures for mountainous regions.
4. Assessing the impact of human activities: Human activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, and ski resort development, can significantly influence mountain weather systems. By studying these interactions, researchers can identify potential risks and develop strategies to mitigate their impacts on the environment and local communities.
5. Enhancing mountain safety and infrastructure: Mountain weather systems can pose significant challenges for transportation, energy production, and tourism. By studying these systems, researchers can help design more resilient infrastructure and improve safety measures for mountainous regions.

In conclusion, studying mountain weather systems is essential for understanding the complex interactions between the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface. It can help improve forecasting models, mitigate the impacts of climate change, and enhance safety and infrastructure in mountainous regions.

FAQs

1. Do mountains have their own weather systems?

Mountains can indeed have their own weather systems, which are distinct from the surrounding lowlands. This is because mountains can create their own microclimates, which are influenced by various factors such as elevation, topography, and wind patterns. These microclimates can result in different weather conditions compared to the areas surrounding the mountains.

2. How are mountain weather systems formed?

Mountain weather systems are formed due to the interactions between temperature, pressure, and wind. As air flows over the mountains, it can cause the formation of clouds, which can lead to precipitation in the form of rain or snow. The shape and height of the mountains can also influence the direction and speed of the wind, which can further impact the weather patterns in the area.

3. Are mountain weather systems unique to certain types of mountains?

No, mountain weather systems can be found in a variety of mountain types, including high-altitude mountains, volcanic mountains, and mountain ranges. However, the specific weather patterns that form can vary depending on the type of mountain and its location. For example, mountain ranges that run parallel to the prevailing wind direction may experience more severe weather conditions compared to those that are perpendicular to the wind direction.

4. Can mountain weather systems impact nearby areas?

Yes, mountain weather systems can have a significant impact on the weather in nearby areas. For example, the wind patterns that form over mountains can affect the direction and speed of the wind in the surrounding lowlands. Additionally, the precipitation that falls on the mountains can contribute to the water supply of nearby areas, especially in regions where water is scarce.

5. Are mountain weather systems stable throughout the year?

Mountain weather systems can vary significantly throughout the year, depending on the season and the prevailing weather conditions. For example, during the winter months, the mountains may experience heavy snowfall and strong winds, while during the summer months, the weather may be more stable and temperate. The intensity and frequency of precipitation events can also vary throughout the year, impacting the local ecosystems and the communities that rely on them.

Do Mountains Really Make Their Own Weather